---- Appendix A ----

DISCUSSION DOCUMENT

Empirically Supported Treatments in Psychology: Recommendations for Canadian Professional Psychology

Task Force on Empirically Supported Treatments (Section on Clinical Psychology of the Canadian Psychological Association)

Appendix A. Examples of Empirically Supported Treatments

Well-Established Treatments	Citation for Efficacy Evidence
ANXIETY AND STRESS:
Cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder with and without agoraphobia	Barlow et al. (1989) Clark et al. (1994)
Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder	Butler et al. (1991) Borkovec et al. (1987)
Exposure treatment for agoraphobia	Trull et al. (1988)
*Exposure/guided mastery for specific phobia	Bandura et al. (1969) Ost et al. (1991)
Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder	van Balkom et al. (1994)
Stress inoculation training for coping	Saunders et al. (1996)
DEPRESSION:
*Behavior therapy for depression	Jacobson et al. (1996) McLean & Hakstian (1979)
Cognitive therapy for depression	Dobson (1989)
Interpersonal therapy for depression	DiMascio et al. (1979) Elkin et al. (1989)
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Behavior therapy for headache	Blanchard et al. (1980) Holroyd & Penzien (1990)
Cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia	Agras et al. (1989) Thackwray et al. (1993)
*Multi-component cognitive-behavior therapy for pain associated with rheumatic disease	Keefe et al. (1990a,b) Parker et al. (1988)
*Multi-component cognitive-behavior therapy with relapse prevention for smoking cessation	Hill et al. (1993) Stevens & Hollis (1989)
PROBLEMS OF CHILDHOOD:
Behavior modification for enuresis	Houts et al. (1994)
Parent training programs for children with oppositional behavior	Walter & Gilmore (1973) Wells & Egan (1988)
MARITAL DISCORD:
Behavioral marital therapy	Azrin et al. (1980a) Jacobson et al. (1985)

Probably Efficacious Treatments	Citation for Efficacy Evidence
ANXIETY:
Applied relaxation for panic disorder	Ost (1988)
Applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder	Barlow et al. (1992) Borkovec et al.(1993)
*Cognitive behavior therapy for social phobia	Heimberg et al. (1990) Feske & Chambless (1995)
*Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder	van Oppen et al. (1995)
*Couples communication training adjunctive to exposure for agoraphobia	Arnow et al. (1985)
*Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for civilian post-traumatic stress disorder	Rothbaum (in press) Wilson et al. (1995)
Exposure treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder	Foa et al. (1991) Keane et al. (1989)
*Exposure treatment for social phobia	Feske & Chambless (1995)
Stress inoculation training for post-traumatic stress disorder	Foa et al. (1991)
Relapse prevention program for obsessive-compulsive disorder	Hiss et al. (1994)
*Systematic desensitization for animal phobia	Kirsch et al. (1983) Ost (1978)
*Systematic desensitization for public speaking anxiety	Paul (1967) Woy & Efran (1972)
*Systematic desensitization for social anxiety	Paul & Shannon (1966)
CHEMICAL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE:
Behavior therapy for cocaine abuse	Higgins et al. (1993)
Brief dynamic therapy for opiate dependence	Woody et al. (1990)
*Cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention therapy for cocaine dependence	Carroll et al. (1994)
Cognitive therapy for opiate dependence	Woody et al. (1990)
Cognitive-behavior therapy for benzodiazepine withdrawal in panic disorder patients	Otto et al. (1993) Spiegel et al. (1994)
*Community reinforcement approach for alcohol dependence	Azrin (1976) Hunt & Azrin (1973)
*Cue exposure adjunctive to inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence	Drummond et al. (1994)
*Project CALM for mixed alcohol abuse and dependence (behavioral marital therapy plus disulfiram)	O’Farrell et al. (1985) O’Farrell et al. (1992)
*Social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence	Eriksen et al. (1986)
DEPRESSION:
Brief dynamic therapy	Gallagher-Thompson et al. (1994)
Cognitive therapy for geriatric patients	Scogin & McElreath (1994)
Reminiscence therapy for geriatric patients	Arean et al. (1993) Scogin & McElreath (1994)
Self-control therapy	Fuchs & Rehm (1977) Rehm et al. (1979)
*Social problem-solving therapy	Nezu (1986) Nezu & Perri (1989)
HEALTH PROBLEMS:
Behavior therapy for childhood obesity	Epstein et al. (1994) Wheeler & Hess (1976)
*Cognitive-behavior therapy for binge eating disorder	Telch et al. (1990) Wilfley et al. (1993)
*Cognitive-behavior therapy adjunctive to physical therapy for chronic pain	Nicholas et al. (1991)
*Cognitive-behavior therapy for chronic low back pain	Turner & Clancy (1988)
*EMG biofeedback for chronic pain	Flor & Birbaumer (1993) Newton-John et al. (1995)
*Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavior therapy for obesity	Bolocofsky et al. (1985)
*Interpersonal therapy for binge eating disorder	Wilfley et al. (1993)
*Interpersonal therapy for bulimia	Fairburn et al. (1993)
*Multi-component cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome	Lynch & Zamble (1989) Payne & Blanchard (1995)
*Multi-component cognitive-behavior therapy for pain of sickle cell disease	Gil et al. (1996)
*Multi-component operant-behavioral therapy for chronic pain	Turner & Clancy (1988) Turner et al. (1990)
*Scheduled, reduced smoking adjunctive to multi-component behavior therapy for smoking cessation	Cinciripini et al. (1994) Cinciripini et al. (1995)
*Thermal biofeedback for Raynaud's syndrome	Freedman et al. (1983)
*Thermal biofeedback plus autogenic relaxation training for migraine	Blanchard et al. (1978) Sargent et al. (1986)
MARITAL DISCORD:
*Emotionally focused couples therapy for moderately distressed couples	James (1991) Johnson et al. (1985)
Insight-oriented marital therapy	Snyder et al. (1989,1991)
PROBLEMS OF CHILDHOOD:
Behavior modification of encopresis	O’Brien et al. (1986)
*Cognitive-behavior therapy for anxious children (overanxious, separation anxiety, avoidant disorders)	Kendall (1994)Kendall et al. (1997)
*Exposure for simple phobia	Menzies & Clarke (1993)
Family anxiety management training for anxiety disorders	Barrett et al. (1996)
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION:
*Hurlbert's combined treatment approach for female hypoactive sexual desire	Hurlbert et al. (1993)
*Masters & Johnson's sex therapy for female orgasmic dysfunction female hypoactive sexual desire	Zimmer (1987)
OTHER:
Behavior modification for sex offenders	Marshall et al. (1991)
Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder	Linehan et al. (1991)
*Family intervention for schizophrenia	Falloon et al. (1985) Randolph et al. (1994)
Habit reversal and control techniques	Azrin et al. (1980b) Azrin et al. (1980c)
*Social skills training for improving social adjustment of schizophrenic patients	Marder et al. (1996)
*Supported employment for severely mentally ill clients	Drake et al. (1996)

Note: Studies cited for efficacy evidence are linked to specific treatment manuals or to procedures well described in the study's report. The operational definition of the treatment is to be found in those manuals; the labels used here do not suffice to identify the particular treatment judged to be efficacious.

* Indicates a treatment added or a recommendation altered since the publication of Chambless et al. (1996). Two treatments have been deleted, not because of negative evidence, but because, unlike the other treatments, we do not have specific target problems identified yet for these approaches: token economy (target problem not specified) and behavior modification for people with developmental disabilities (target unspecified).

References for Empirically Supported Treatment Listing

Agras, W. S., Schneider, J. A., Arnow, B., Raebum, S. D., & Telch, C. F. (1989). Cognitive-behavioral and response-prevention treatments for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 215-221.

Arean, P. A., Perri, M. G., Nezu, A. M., Schein, R. L., Christopher, F., & Joseph, T. X. (1993). Comparative effectiveness of social problem-solving therapy and reminiscence therapy as treatments for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1003-1010.

Arnow, B. A., Taylor, C. B., Agras, W. S., & Telch, M. J. (1985). Enhancing agoraphobia treatment outcome by changing couple communication patterns. Behavior Therapy, 16, 452-467.

Azrin, N. H. (1976). Improvements in the CR approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 339-348.

Azrin, N. H., Bersalel, A., Bechtel, R., Michalicek, A., Mancera, M., Carroll, D., Shuford, D., & Cox, J.(1980a). Comparison of reciprocity and discussion-type counseling for marital problems. American Journal of Family Therapy, 8, 21-28.

Azrin, N. H., Nunn, R. G., & Frantz, S. E.(1980b). Habit reversal vs. negative practice treatment of nailbiting. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 281-285.

Azrin, N. H., Nunn, R. G., & Frantz-Renshaw, S.(1980c). Habit reversal treatment of thumbsucking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 395-399.

Bandura, A., Blanchard, E. B., & Ritter, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173 -199.

Barlow, D. H., Craske, M. G., Cerny, J. A., & Klosko, J. S. (1989). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261-282.

Barlow, D. H., Rapee, R. M., & Brown, T. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23, 551-570.

Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333-342.

Blanchard, E. B., Andrasik, F., Ahles, T. A., Teders, S. J., & O'Keefe, D. (1980). Migraine and tension headache: A meta-analytic review. Behavior Therapy, 11, 613-631.

Blanchard, E. B., Theobold, D. E., Williamson, D. A., Silver, B. V., & Brown, D. A. (1978). Temperature biofeedback in the treatment of migraine headaches. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 581-588.

Bolocofsky, D. N., Spinler, D., & Coulthard-Morris, L. (1985). Effectiveness of hypnosis as an adjunct to behavioral weight management. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 35-41.

Borkovec, T. D., & Costello, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 611-619.

Borkovec, T. D., Mathews, A. M., Chambers, A., Ebrahimi, S., Lytle, R., & Nelson, R. (1987). The effects of relaxation training with cognitive or nondirective therapy and the role of relaxation-induced anxiety in the treatment of generalized anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 883-888.

Butler, G., Fennell, M., Robson, P., & Gelder, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 167-175.

Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J., Gordon, L. T., Nich, C., Jatlow, P., Bisighini, R. M., & Gawin, F. H. (1994). Psychotherapy and pharmacology for ambulatory cocaine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 177-187.

Cinciripini, P. M., Lapitsky, L. G., Seay, S., Wallfisch, A., Kitchens, K., & van Vunakis, H. (1995). The effects of smoking schedules on cessation outcome: Can we improve on common methods of gradual and abrupt nicotine withdrawal? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 388-399.

Cinciripini, P. M., Lapitsky, L. G., Wallfisch, A., Mace, R., Nezami, E., & van Vunakis, H. (1994). An evaluation of a multicomponent treatment program involving scheduled smoking and relapse prevention procedures: Initial findings. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 13-22.

Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackman, A., Middleton, H., Anastasiades, P., & Gelder, M. (1994). A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-769.

DiMascio, A., Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. A., Nezu, C., Zwilling, M., & Klerinan, G. L. (1979). Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1450-1456.

Dobson, K. S. (1989). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 414-419.

Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Becker, D. R., Anthony, W. A., & Clark, R. E. (1996). The New Hampshire supported employment study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 391-399.

Drummond, D. C., & Glautier, S. (1994). A controlled trial of cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 809-817.

Elkin, I., Shea, M. T., Watkins, J. T., Imber, S. D., Sotsky, S. M., Collins, J. F., Glass, D. R., Pilkonis, P. A., Leber, W. R., Docherty, J. P., Fiester, S. J., & Parloff, M. B. (1989). National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: General effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971-982.

Epstein, L. H., Valoski, A., Wing, R. R., & McCurley, J. (1994). Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Health Psychology, 13, 373-383.

Eriksen, L., Bjornstad, S., & Gotestam, K. G. (1986). Social skills training in groups for alcoholics: One-year treatment outcome for groups and individuals. Addictive Behaviors, 11, 309-329.

Everaerd, W., & Dekker, J. (1981). A comparison of sex therapy and communication therapy: Couples complaining of orgasmic dysfunction. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 7, 278-289.

Fairburn, C. G., Jones, R., Peveler, R. C., Hope, R. A., & O'Conner, M. (1993). Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: Longer-term effects of interpersonal psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 419-428.

Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., Williamson, M., Razani, J., Moss, H. B., Gilderman, A. M., & Simpson, G. M. (1985). Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: Clinical outcome of a two year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 887-896.

Feske, U., & Chambless, D. L. (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 695-720.

Flor, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1993). Comparison of the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and conservative medical interventions in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 653-658.

Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 715-723.

Freedman, R. R., Ianni, P., & Wenig, P. (1983). Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 539-549.

Fuchs, C. Z., & Rehm, L. P. (1977). A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 206-215.

Gallagher-Thompson, D., & Steffen, A. M. (1994). Comparative effects of cognitive behavioral and brief dynamic therapy for depressed family caregivers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 543-549.

Gil, K. M., Wilson, J. J., Edens, J. L., Webster, D. A., Abrams, M. A., Orringer, E., Grant, M., Clark, W. C., & Janal, M. N. (1996). The effects of cognitive coping skills training on coping strategies and experimental pain sensitivity in African American adults with sickle cell disease. Health Psychology, 15, 3-10.

Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., & Zollo, L. J. (1990). Cognitive behavioral group treatment for social phobia: Comparison with a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 1-23.

Higgins, S. T., Budney, A. J., Bickel, W. K., Hughes, J. R., Foeg, F., & Badger, G. (1993). Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioral approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 763-769.

Hill, R. D., Rigdon, M., & Johnson, S. (1993). Behavioral smoking cessation treatment for older chronic smokers. Behavior Therapy, 24, 321-329.

Hiss, H., Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1994). Relapse prevention program for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 801-808.

Holroyd, K. A., & Penzien, D. B. (1990). Pharmacological versus nonpharmacological prophylaxis of recurrent migraine headache: A meta-analytic review of clinical trials. Pain, 42, 1-13.

Houts, A. C., Berman, J. S., & Abramson, H. (1994). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 737-745.

Hunt, G. M., & Azrin, N. J. (1973). A community reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 91-104.

Hurlbert, D. F., White, C. L., & Powell, R. D. (1993). Orgasm consistency training in the treatment of women reporting hypoactive sexual desire: An outcome comparison of women-only groups and couple-only groups. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 3-13.

Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., Gortner, E., & Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 295-304.

Jacobson, N. S., & Follette, W. C. (1985). Clinical significance of improvement resulting from two behavioral marital therapy components. Behavior Therapy, 16, 249-262.

James, P. S. (1991). Effects of a communication training component added to an emotionally focused couples therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 263-275.

Johnson, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (1985). Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in resolving marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 175-184.

Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., & Zimering, R. T. (1989). Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 20, 245-260.

Keefe, F. J., Caldwell, D. S., Williams, D. A., Gil, K. M., Mitchell, D., Robertson, C., Martinez, S., Nunley, J., Beckham, J. C., & Helms, M. (1990a). Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain: A comparative study. Behavior Therapy, 21, 49-62.

Keefe, F. J., Caldwell, D. S., Williams, D. A., Gil, K. M., Mitchell, D., Robertson, C., Martinez, S., Nunley, J., Beckham, J. C., & Helms, M. (1990b). Pain coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain - II: Follow-up results. Behavior Therapy, 21, 435-447.

Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100-110.

Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366-380.

Kirsch, I., Tennen, H., Wickless, C., Saccone, A. J., & Cody, S. (1983). The role of expectancy in fear reduction. Behavior Therapy, 14, 520-533.

Linehan, M. M., Armstrong, H. E., Suarez, A., Allmon, D., & Heard, H. L. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1060-1064.

Lynch, P. M ., & Zamble, E. (1989). A controlled behavioral treatment study of irritable bowel syndrome. Behavior Therapy, 20, 509-523.

Marder, S. R., Wirshing, W. C., Mintz, J., McKenzie, J., Johnston, K., Eckman, T. A., Lebell, M., Zimmerman, K., & Liberman, R. P. (1996). Two-year outcome of social skills training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1585-1592.

Marshall, W. L., Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P., & Barbaree, H. E. (1991). Treatment outcome with sex offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 465-485.

McLean, P. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1979). Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 818-836.

Menzies, R. G., & Clarke, J. C. (1993). A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 9-15.

Newton-John, T. R. O., Spence, S. H., & Schotte, D. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus EMG biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 691-697.

Nezu, A. M. (1986). Efficacy of a social problem-solving therapy approach for unipolar depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196-202.

Nezu, A. M., & Perri, M. G. (1989). Social problem-solving therapy for unipolar depression: An initial dismantling investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 408-413.

Nicholas, M. K., Wilson, P. H., & Goyen, J. (1991). Operant-behavioral and cognitivebehavioral treatment for chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 225-238.

O'Brien, S., Ross, L. V., & Christophersen, E. R. (1986). Primary encopresis: Evaluation and treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 137-145.

O'Farrell, T. J., Cutter, H. S. G., Choquette, K. A., Floyd, F. J., & Bayog, R. D. (1992). Behavioral marital therapy for male alcoholics: Marital and drinking adjustment during the two years after treatment. Behavior Therapy, 23, 529-549.

O'Farrell, T. J., Cutter, H. S. G., & Floyd, F. J. (1985). Evaluating behavioral martial therapy for male alcoholics: Effects on marital adjustment and communication from before to after treatment. Behavior Therapy, 16, 147-167.

Ost, L. G. (1978). Fading vs. systematic desensitization in the treatment of snake and spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 379-389.

Ost, L. G. (1988). Applied relaxation vs progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 13-22.

Ost, L. G., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hellstrom, K. (1991). One-session therapist-directed exposure vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behavior Therapy, 22, 407-422.

Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Sachs, G. S., Reiter, S. R., Meltzer-Brody, S., Rosenbaum, J. F. (1993). Discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment: Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1485-1490.

Parker, J. C., Frank, R. G., Beck, N. C., Smarr, K. L., Buescher, K. L, Phillips, L. R., Smith, E. I., Anderson, S. K., & Walker, S. E. (1988). Pain management in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 593-601.

Paul, G. L. (1967). Insight vs desensitization in psychotherapy two years after termination. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 333-348.

Paul, G. L., & Shannon, D. T. (1966). Treatment of anxiety through systematic desensitization in therapy groups. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 123-135.

Payne, A., & Blanchard, E. B. (1995). A controlled comparison of cognitive therapy and self-help support groups in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 779-786.

Rehm, L. P., Fuchs, C. Z., Roth, D. M., Komblith, S. J., & Romano, J. M. (1979). A comparison of self-control and assertion skills treatments of depression. Behavior Therapy, 10, 429-442.

Rothbaum, B. O. (in press). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic.

Sargent, J., Solbach, P., Coyne, L., Spohn, H., & Segerson, J. (1986). Results of a controlled experimental outcome study of non-drug treatment for the control of migraine headache. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 291-323.

Saunders, T., Driskell, J. E., Hall, J., & Salas, E. (1996). The effect of stress inoculation training on anxiety and performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1, 170-186.

Scogin, F., & McElreath, L. (1994). Efficacy of psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 69-74.

Snyder, D. K., & Wills, R. M. (1989). Behavioral versus insight-oriented marital therapy: Effects on individual and interspousal functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 39-46.

Snyder, D. K., Wills, R. M., & Grady-Fletcher, A. (1991). Long-term effectiveness of behavioral versus insight-oriented marital therapy: A 4-year follow-up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 138-141.

Spiegel, D. A., Bruce, T. J., Gregg, S. F., & Nuzzarello, A. (1994). Does cognitive behavior therapy assist slow-taper alprazolam discontinuation in panic disorder? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 876-881.

Stevens, V. J., & Hollis, J. F. (1989). Preventing smoking relapse, using an individually tailored skills-training technique. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 420-424.

Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., Rossiter, E. M., Wilfley, D., & Kenardy, J. (1990). Group cognitive-behavioral treatment for the nonpurging bulimic. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 629-635.

Thackwray, D. E., Smith, M. C., Bodfish, J. W., & Meyers, A. W. (1993). A comparison of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 639-645.

Trull, T. J., Nietzel, M. T., & Main, A. (1988). The use of meta-analysis to assess the clinical significance of behavior therapy for agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 19, 527-538.

Turner, J. A., & Clancy, S. (1988). Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive behavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 261-266.

Turner, J. A., Clancy, S., McQuade, K. J., & Cardenas, D. D. (1990). Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: A component analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 573-579.

van Balkom A. J. L. M., van Oppen, P., Vermeulen, A. W. A., Nauta, N. C. E., Vorst, H. C. M., & van Dyck, R. (1994). A meta-analysis on the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A comparison of antidepressants, behaviour and cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 359-381.

van Oppen, P., de Haan, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K., & van Dyck, R. (1995). Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 379-390.

Walter, H. I., & Gilmore, S. K. (1973). Placebo versus social learning effects in parent training procedures designed to alter the behavior of aggressive boys. Behavior Therapy, 4, 361-377.

Wells, K. C., & Egan, J. (1988). Social learning and systems family therapy for childhood oppositional disorder: Comparative treatment outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 138-146.

Wheeler, M. E., & Hess, K. W. (1976). Treatment of juvenile obesity by successive approximation control of eating. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7, 235-241.

Wilfley, D. E., Agras, W. S., Teich, C. F., Rossiter, E. M., Schneider, J. A., Cole, A. G., Sifford, L., & Raebum, S. D. (1993). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the nonpurging bulimic individual: A controlled comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 296-305.

Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 928-937.

Woody, G. E., Luborsky, L., McLellan, A. T., & O'Brien, C. P. (1990). Corrections and revised analyses for psychotherapy in methadone maintenance patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 788-789.

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Next: Appendix B